文法

可算名詞と不可算名詞のどちらであるかはモノの見方次第

可算名詞と不可算名詞のどちらであるかは見方によって決まります。

How many cakes did you eat?
How often do you eat cake?

Two buses came at the same time.
I go to school by bus.

You can fill out the form in pen or pencil.

There are several excellent schools in the city.
All children should have the right to go to school.

Indonesia produces excellent coffee.
Three coffees, please.
Our gourmet shop offers a wide variety of flavored coffees.

My neighbors were making so much noise I couldn't sleep.
Shh! I can hear a strange noise coming from the engine.

Conversation requires skill.
I had an interesting conversation with my ex last night.

Does she have enough experience for the job?
I had an unforgettable experience in London.

So many students have difficulty in finding a job these days.
Many difficulties still lie ahead, but I'm confident we'll succeed.

Love is blind. (is で受ける)
A love like this is hard to find.

冠詞について

特定のものを連想できる場合は the を付与しますが、そうではない場合

• 不可算名詞 → 何も付与しない (is で受ける)
• 可算名詞、複数 → 何も付与しない
• 可算名詞、単数 → a, an を付与 (is で受ける)

まとめて考える場合は単数扱い

20 cigarettes is a lot to smoke in a day, don't you think?
20 miles is a long way to run.

集団っぽい場合の複数形

Dogs have tails.
Do all animals have noses?
Most players were allowed to bring their wives to the World Cup in South Africa.

それぞれに対して一つであることを強調する場合は単数

All tourists need a visa to enter Bhutan.

一つに定まる場合は the を利用

関連しているだけでも利用できます。

I just saw a car run a red light.  The driver was using his cell phone.
I just saw a dog attack a little kid.  The owner did nothing.

具体的に連想できなくても、常識から一つに定まると想定する場合

70% of the earth's surface is covered by water.
The world is our classroom.
Which way is the restroom.

一般名詞が複数まとまって固有名詞のように一つに定まる場合

the White House
the Golden Gate Bridge
(London Bridge (London という固有名詞の影響で the がない))
(Oxford University、Sand Diego Freeway、Shinjuku Station)
the United States of America
the Philippines
the Alps

このようなものは他にはない、一つに定まるくらいに〜だ、と話者が強調する場合 (ズィー、と発音)

The New York Times (ニューヨークタイムズ紙)
The Independent (インディペンデント紙)
The Dorchester (ドーチェスターホテル)
The Ritz (リッツホテル)

一般的な楽器の演奏シーンや警官、街や田舎の風景など、特定の状況を一般に誰でも連想できると話者が考えた場合

John plays the flute and the clarinet.
I love listening to you playing the piano.
The police were quickly on the scene.
Do you prefer the town or the country?
I want to live in a house on the river.
I think you should see the doctor.
If you take the train, I'll pick you up at the station.
I often fall asleep on the bus.
The American husband never complains about his wife.
The British gentleman is hard to find these days.

修飾されているからといって the とは限らない

This is a present that he game me.

She gave me a reason why she left him.
She gave me reasons why she left him.
She gave me the reason why she left him.
She gave me the reasons why she left him.

ぼんやりしているなら some、具体的なイメージがあるならば several

I know some good golf shops.
I know several good golf shops.

ぼやかしたい場合は some + 単数名詞

興味のなさ、どうでもよさ、言いたくなさ

She ran off with some guy from Italy.
I'm sure I've seen her in some movie or other.
Er ... some guy told me.

all は不可算名詞にも利用できます

The thief tool all the money.
All the spectators were delighted.
All the country was excited about the World Cup.

every/each を their で受けて差別感をなくす

文法的には his/her で受けるのが自然ですが their とします。

Every child has their own room.
Each member has their own locker.

no + 複数名詞、がふつう

No water is left in the tank. (不可算名詞)
No students are allowed in the staff room. (可算名詞複数形、単数形にすると一つもないことがとても強く強調される)

no を利用した強い否定表現

I'm no doctor, but it's pretty obvious to me that this child is seriously ill.
It's no fun eating alone, is it?
I tell you, this job is no picnic.

モノが二つだけある場合は both と either が便利

You can take both.
You can take either.
You can take neither.

Both apples are rotten.
Either apple is rotten.
Neither apple is rotten.

either

You can invest in stocks or property, but either way it's risky.
I have a blue sweater and a red one -- you can borrow either.
I listened to his first two CDs, but didn't like either album very much.
Either Tom or Bill is going to make the presentation.
I don't like spinach. -- I don't like it either.

neither

I don't like spinach. -- Neither do I.
It was a deal in which neither side got what it really wanted.
Do you take milk and sugar? -- Neither, thanks.

Who is it?

電話やドアノックされたとき。Who are you? と区別します。

Who is it?

2倍、3倍〜

Facebook is more than twice as big as MySpace. Soon it may be three times as big.
This cake is not half as delicious as it looks.

〜というよりもむしろ

She is more pretty than beautiful.
Getting a visa is more time-consuming than difficult.

〜なんかじゃ全然なくて

That is no more a Rolex than this plastic toy watch.
He is no more an artist than I am.
You, a detective?  Ha!  You're no more a detective than my grandmother!
He's no more fit to do this job than a monkey!
I could no more lie to you than fly to the moon.

no less than

You got Chris to pay for a drink?  That is no less than a miracle!
A house in that area would cost no less than $500,000.
We have to write a paper of no less than 5000 words.

be able to よりも can を優先して使う

be able to はできる、ということを強調したいときに使います。それ以外の場合は、may be able to などの場合を除いて can を優先して使います。

Now that I'm able to drive, I feel much more independent.

過去形の場合は、実際にやったことの場合に使います。それ以外は could を使います。

The washing machine is OK now. Grandad was able to fix it.
My grandad could fix any kind of machine. (実際にやったかは不明)

to 不定詞と動名詞

(a, an のように) 一般的な内容

To make new friends is not so easy.

(the のように) 特定の状況を連想できる内容

Making new friends is not so easy.

it が指す対象を主語に揃えるために受動文を利用

Our internet marketing company was founded by Tony Brown in 2002.
Since that time, it has produced over 1000 custom web sites.

性質を表現する場合は受動文を使わなくてよい

These batteries charge quickly.
These juice cartons open easily.
Does your new car drive well?
Green peppers don't peel easily.
Our books are selling well.

wh 節、whether 節

疑問形にしないように注意します。

What the government decides affects all of us.
When she gets married is her business.
Where she got all that money from is a mystery.
How you treat others will determine how others treat you.
Who my son goes out with doesn't concern me at all.
Why he has so much trouble finding a girlfriend is beyond me.

I don't know whether I can afford to go clubbing this weekend.
He asked me if I wanted to go to Guam with him.

I asked her what she was planning to wear to the wedding.

あいづち疑問文

とりあえず何か返せます。Oh, really?, Wow!, Great! と似たようなものです。

I can give you a ride, if you like.
-- Oh, can you?

I never wear any make-up.
-- Oh, don't you?

I'm a bit drunk.
-- Oh, are you?

進行形で予定を表現

予定表や手帳のメモ書きなど。準備が整った、ほぼ確定した未来を表現できます。

I'm playing badminton at 3.
She's flying to Singapore this Friday.

be to による類似表現

At my best friend's wedding, I met the woman who was to become my wife.

仮定法 / 条件

現在 → would

If it weren't for sport, my life would be pretty dull.

過去 → would have

But for your encouragement, I would have given up a long time ago.

If it had not been for the pilots' skill and cool head, the plane would certainly have crashed.

上記決まり文句以外であっても、時制を一つ過去にして同様に現在 → would、過去 → would have で受けます。might や could でも同様です。

仮定法 / その他の決まり文句

if only

Oh, if only Bob was/were here.
If only she would give me another chance.

as if

My boyfriend acts as if he was/were my boss.

suppose/imagine

be to「これから〜する」

Suppose I was/ware to offer you a job here, would you accept?

it's time

It's time we said good-bye.

wish

I wish I had a girlfriend.

used to、ought to は過去時制でもそのままの形で利用

My Granddad boasted he used to walk 10 kilometers to school every day.

My boss said I ought to get up to speed on the latest software.

発音

L

L + 母音

小さい「ル」を直前に加える気持ちで発音します。

lemon  (小さいル)レモン
light  (小さいル)ライト

その他

「L」を小さい「ゥ」の気持ちで発音します。

pencil  ベンシゥ
beautiful  ビューティフゥ
culture  カゥチャー

R

R + 母音

小さい「ゥ」を直前に加える気持ちで発音します。

rain  (ゥ)レイン
right  (ゥ)ライト
rock  (ゥ)ロック
train  ト(ゥ)レイン

その他

「R」を小さい「ァ」の気持ちで発音します。

door  ドァ
beer  ビァ
dear  ディァ

T

t の後に続く母音にアクセントがない場合

「ラリルレロ」のように t を発音します。

water  ワラァ
pattern  パラン
Twitter  トゥィラァ

子音消失、子母連結

「pstk」「bzdg」が単語の最後にあるとほぼ発音されなくなります。

top  トッ(プ)
big  ビッ(グ)
Would you speak up?  ウッジュースピーカッ(プ)?
Thanks!  サンク(ス)!
Just do it.  ジャス(ト)ドゥーイッ(ト)
I read the book.  アイ(ゥ)レッ(ド)ザブッ(ク)
Did you talk to Bob?  ディッジュートー(ク)トゥーボ(ブ)?
Do you like jazz?  ドゥーユゥー(ル)ライ(ク)ジャ(ズ)?
Go to bed.  ゴゥトゥーベッ(ド)
I have a jet lag.  アイハヴァジェッ(ト)(ル)ラ(グ)

ただし、「pstk」「bzdg」に母音や「y」が続く場合はつなげて発音されます。

Would you speak up?  ウッジュースピーカッ(プ)?
Would  ウッ(ド)
Would you  ウッジュー
speak  スピー(ク)
speak up  スピーカッ(プ)

Did you talk to Bob?  ディッジュートー(ク)トゥーボ(ブ)?
Did  ディ(ド)
Did you  ディッジュー

つなげて発音される、その他の例

Come on.  カム オン → カモン
Let's run away.  ラン アウェイ → (ル)レッツ(ゥ)ラナウェイ

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